{"id":2970,"date":"2016-07-22T16:26:00","date_gmt":"2016-07-22T23:26:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/blog\/?p=2970"},"modified":"2020-05-05T13:22:07","modified_gmt":"2020-05-05T20:22:07","slug":"monitoring-variac-output-dpm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/blog\/monitoring-variac-output-dpm\/","title":{"rendered":"Monitoring Variac Output with a Digital Panel Meter (DPM) [tutorial]"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>While most users are not concerned about the absolute readout of variac output voltage, a more accurate digital meter may be desirable.<\/h2>\n<p>Over the years, Circuit Specialists has offered several different sizes of Variacs. These <a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/variacs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">variable autotransformers<\/a> have proven to be not only reliable, but can make a huge difference when it come to protecting your electronics. The only reoccurring complaint we&#8217;ve received on these units has been based around&nbsp;the accuracy of the built in analog variac output meter.<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">This application note will describe a simple retrofit of a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/digital-panel-meters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">digital panel meter<\/a> to replace the stock analog meter.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/pm628_miniture_lcd_panel_meter.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">PM628 digital panel meter<\/a> was chosen due to its low-cost, ease of interfacing, and small size. This particular meter is almost identical in size and shape to the analog meter supplied with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/variacs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Variac<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The PM628, like all generic DPMs, has a 200 mV full scale reading, so the appropriate scaling resistors are required to display RMS voltage of the AC power. In addition to the voltage divider resistors, a simple half wave <a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/rectifiers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bridge rectifier<\/a> must be added to convert the AC voltage into DC which can be read by the DPM.<\/p>\n<h3>A low cost <a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/1n4004diode.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1N4004 rectifier diode<\/a> was inserted in series with the AC voltage and the voltage divider resistors.<\/h3>\n<p>Since the DPM contains electronic circuitry, it requires a source of DC power for its operation. A wide range of options exist so it was easy to find a suitable <a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/acdcpow-conv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">AC\/DC converter module<\/a> that would power the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/digital-panel-meters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">DPM<\/a> and not take up too much space in the Variac enclosure.<\/p>\n<p>The calculation of the scaling resistors was a little more complex than applications for a DC source because the \u00bd wave rectified output from our single diode produces a rectified equivalent DC voltage equal to the average value; which is 0.45 times rms voltage.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2972 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/IMG_8867-e1469229376702.jpg\" alt=\"Monitoring Variac Output with a Digital Panel Meter (DPM)\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\"><\/p>\n<p>For 120 VAC this works out to 120 X .45= 54 volts. Since we want the readings in RMS we have to calculate the voltage divider to produce 120 mV with 54 volts applied., Therefore for 120 volt RMS the peak value is 1.414 X RMS or approximately 170 volts. So we will set the voltage dividers to present 120 millivolts to the meter with 54 volts at the input.<\/p>\n<p>I opted for a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/pw10-1k.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">1K shunt resistor<\/a> and calculated the required series value.<br \/>\n.120=54(1k\/(1K + Rseries) ) or 1K + Rseries=54K\/.12<br \/>\nso Rseries=450K-1k=449K<\/p>\n<p>So a 449K resistor and a 1N4004 rectifier diode were placed in series with the input lead to the meter and a 1K resistor connected across the meter input. 430K and 18K <a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/resnewsec\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">resistors<\/a>&nbsp;were connected in series with the meter to come as close as possible to the calculated value. Note that the voltage value displayed on the meter can be fine-tuned by adjusting the trimmer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/passive-electronic-components-potentiometers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">potentiometer<\/a> on the back of the DPM.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2973 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/IMG_8863-e1469229427409.jpg\" alt=\"Monitoring Variac Output with a Digital Panel Meter (DPM)\" width=\"1000\" height=\"667\"><\/p>\n<h3>The relatively small size and low cost of the required components makes this an easy voltage output upgrade to any of the Circuit Specialists Variacs.<\/h3>\n<p>Keep updated with all of our&nbsp;hacks, mods, and electronics tutorials&nbsp;by subscribing to our <a href=\"http:\/\/eepurl.com\/bdF6b1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">newsletter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CircuitSpecialists\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">facebook<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/circuitspecial\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">twitter<\/a>!<\/p>\n<p>Click here for a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Schematic_Variac-Retrofit.pdf\">PDF file with a schematic for the panel meter retrofit<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Until next time,<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Circuit Specialists<\/a><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps?q=circuit+specialists\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Tempe, Arizona<\/a><br \/>\n480-464-2485<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Schematic_Autotransformer-Circuit-Diagram_Sheet.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-4178\" src=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Schematic_Autotransformer-Circuit-Diagram_Sheet-300x212.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Schematic_Autotransformer-Circuit-Diagram_Sheet-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Schematic_Autotransformer-Circuit-Diagram_Sheet-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Schematic_Autotransformer-Circuit-Diagram_Sheet-1024x724.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.circuitspecialists.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/Schematic_Autotransformer-Circuit-Diagram_Sheet.png 1169w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>While most users are not concerned about the absolute readout of variac output voltage, a more accurate digital meter may<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":42,"featured_media":2973,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"colormag_page_layout":"default_layout","footnotes":""},"categories":[1,12,8,240,7,20,4,135],"tags":[262,244,168,263,167,246,241],"class_list":["post-2970","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-all-posts","category-autotransformer-variac","category-diy","category-experiments","category-multimeters","category-panel-meters","category-power-supplies","category-tutorial-how-to","tag-digital-panel-meter","tag-hacks","tag-how-to","tag-modification","tag-tutorial","tag-variable-autotransformer","tag-variac"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Variac Output Monitoring with a Digital Panel Meter [tutorial]<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"While most users are 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co-authored papers published in national symposiums on accelerator technology, was past president of SMTA and an adjunct professor at the community college level, holds a patent, and is a certified microchip design partner, serving as a consultant to many companies developing electronic 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